Particles
Most particles are short words which do not change their form. A particle can be one of a number of parts of speech. The material below will help you to revise the principal meanings and pronunciation of the most frequently used particles (even though many don’t present a problem, as they are composed of just one syllable!).
More information on particles in Ukrainian, their meanings and use: Read Ukrainian! page 19.5.
неnot
ні/а́ні́no, neither
би/бexpressing conditional
ажup to, as far as, as many as
же/жexpressing emphasis
на́вітьeven
адже́for, after all
ті́льки, лише́only
са́ме, якра́зprecisely, just
хоч биeven if (only)
хіба́?really? is that so?
невже́!?surely (not)!? that can’t be!
авжеж́of course, naturally, indeed
ма́йжеalmost, nearly
прибли́зноapproximately
та́ко́ж*, тежalso
чи?changing a statement into a question
хай, неха́йlet, may
осьhere is, that is
як...!how...!
що за...!what (a) …!
*one of a small number of words in Ukrainian where the stress may fall on either syllable.